Journal: Journal of hepatology

Article Title: Role of XBP1 in regulating the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.02.031

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7. Pharmacological inhibition of XBP1 prevents steatohepatitis in mice. (A) Schematic showing of HFD-fed WT mice treated with toyocamycin or TUDCA. (B) Liver weight in HFD-fed WT mice. (C) Representative H&E-staining, (D) NAS, (E) Oil Red O-stained liver sections, (F) serum ALT levels and (G) hepatic TG content in HFD-fed WT mice. (H) The hepatic mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines Tnfa, Il6, and Il1b in HFD-fed WT mice treated with or

Article Snippet: New Brunswick, CA) for 6 weeks (n = 6-8 per group).21 Wildtype C57BL/6 6-8-week-old male mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of the XBP1 inhibitor toyocamycin (0.5 Journal of Hepatology 2 mg/kg/day for consecutive 2 weeks),22 or the endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) (100 mg/kg/day for consecutive 2 weeks) (MedChemExpress, NJ, USA)23 or vehicle (Saline) after 24 weeks of HFD (n = 6-8 per group).

Techniques: Inhibition, Staining, Expressing

Journal: Heliyon

Article Title: Role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vascular dysfunction in mice with renovascular hypertension

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31799

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) Reactivity Assessment. This figure delineates the evaluation of mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) reactivity, specifically illustrating the contractility response to sympathetic stimulation (Phenylephrine, PE), as well as endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) across diverse experimental groups. Panel (A, B) represents the control group (C57BL/6J), while panel (C, D) shows C57BL/6J mice subjected to 2K1C surgery. Panel (E, F) displays C57BL/6J mice subjected to 2K1C for four weeks and treated with anti-PDCA-1 for one week. MRA reactivity was thoroughly evaluated in all groups of mice (n = 5) under different conditions, including those with and without ER stress inhibitor (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid: Tudca), autophagy inhibitor (Chloroquine: Chl), and mTOR signaling inhibitor (Rapamycin: Rap). The data presented in this figure provide valuable insights into the vascular response in the context of the experimental manipulations and treatments, shedding light on the potential involvement of ER stress, autophagy, and mTOR signaling pathways in mediating the observed reactivity changes. ns: p > 0.05, *p < 0.05 for 2K1C vs. control and 2K1C + anti-mPDCA-1. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was applied. ns: p > 0.05, *p < 0.05 for C57BL/6J vs 2K1C vs 2K1C + anti-PDCA-1.

Article Snippet: To determine the impact of autophagy, ER stress, and mTOR pathways in endothelial cell function, we isolated arteries from each group and incubated them with the following inhibitors: tauroursodeoxycholic acid (Tudca: ER Stress inhibitor) Dose: 10 mM, 30 min, Chem-Impex Int'l INC. Cat#29195, Lot# 002129–20131118; chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor, dose: 10 mM, 30 min, Alfa Aesar, Cat: J64459, Lot: Z23G009); or rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor, dose: 10 mM, 30 min, Abcam, Cat:ab120224, Lot: APN13087-1-1).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Melatonin Induces Autophagy via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules26165038

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell viability assay: ( A ) HT-29, SW48, and Caco-2 were treated with various concentrations of melatonin for 72 h. ( B – D ) HT-29, SW48, and Caco-2 were treated with various concentrations of melatonin alone or together with 0.1 mM TUDCA or with 1 mM TUDCA. Means ± standard error of mean (SEM) of three separate experiments are shown. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test, was performed to compare each treatment group and control; statistically significantly different from control: *, p < 0.05; #, p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: TUDCA was purchased from Merck Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA).

Techniques: Viability Assay, Control

Journal: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM

Article Title: Swertianlarin, an Herbal Agent Derived from Swertia mussotii Franch, Attenuates Liver Injury, Inflammation, and Cholestasis in Common Bile Duct-Ligated Rats

doi: 10.1155/2015/948376

Figure Lengend Snippet: Alterations of serum bile salts by swertianlarin in BDL rats. (a) The concentrations of serum CDCA and TCDCA in sham operated rats and BDL rats with or without swertianlarin for 3, 7, and 14 d. (b) The changes in serum bile salts CA and TCA in sham operated, BDL with swertianlarin, and BDL without swertianlarin groups for 3, 7, and 14 d. (c) The determination of serum DCA and TDCA in sham operated rats and BDL rats treated with or without swertianlarin after 3, 7, and 14 d. (d) Serum TUDCA, (e) T α / β MCA, and (f) α MCA and β MCA were measured in sham operated group, BDL with swertianlarin group, and BDL without swertianlarin group for 3, 7, and 14 d. Data were analyzed as described in Materials and Methods. * P < 0.05 versus sham group with saline; # P < 0.05, versus BDL group with saline. n = 7 per group. Saline, 1% Tween-20 saline; swertianlarin dissolved in 1% Tween-20 saline.

Article Snippet: The concentrations of serum bile acids chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), cholic acid (CA), taurocholic acid (TCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), taurodeoxycholic acid A (TDC), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), tauro-alpha/beta-muricholic acid (T α / β MCA), alpha-muricholic acid ( α MCA), and beta-muricholic acid ( β MCA) levels, serum lipid triglyceride hydrolase (Tgh), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured by standard enzymatic assays using commercial kits purchased from BlueGene Biotech (Shanghai, China), according to the manufacturer's protocol as described previously [ , ].

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)

Article Title: Mitofusin 1 and 2 overexpression reduces AβO-mediated ER stress and apoptosis in N2a APPswe cells.

doi: 10.14715/cmb/2024.70.7.2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Aβ upregulates the levels of ER stress-related proteins and ER expansion. (a) The levels of ER stress-related proteins (BiP, p-eIF2α, eIF2α, p-IRE1α, IRE1α, ATF4, and CHOP) were evaluated by western blot analysis in N2a cells cultured for 12–24 h and in APP swe cells cultured for 12 h and 24 h. The graphs show quantification of BiP/β-actin, p-IRE1α/IRE1α, p-eIF2α/eIF2α, ATF4/β-actin, and CHOP/β-actin. (b) N2a APPswe cells were treated with TUDCA (150 μM), and the levels of proteins related to ER stress were determined by western blotting. The graphs display the quantification of BiP/β- actin, p-IRE1α/IRE1α, p-eIF2α/eIF2α, ATF4/β-actin, and CHOP/β- actin. (c) LDH assay-based cell toxicity in N2a, APPswe, and TUD CA-treated APPswe cells. (d) ER morphologies were observed under a confocal microscope using ER-Tracker™-Red fluorescent dye and Hoechst stain; scale bar = 5 μm. The data are presented as means ± the SD (n ≥ 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Tunicamycin (Tm) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) were purchased from Merck (Rahway, NJ, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Cell Culture, Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay, Microscopy, Staining

Journal: JCI Insight

Article Title: Multidimensional analysis and therapeutic development using patient iPSC–derived disease models of Wolfram syndrome

doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.156549

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) A schematic of Wolfram syndrome etiology and the targets to modulate by a combination treatment of 4-PBA and TUDCA (P+T). ( B ) Expression of HiBiT-tagged WFS1 protein after treatment with 500 μM 4-PBA and 50 μM TUDCA (P+T) for 24 hours. NanoLuc levels, expressed from an identical plasmid backbone, were examined ( n = 48, P value by unpaired t test). ( C ) (Left) Representative blotting images of WFS1 and α-Tubulin in iPSCs treated with or without P+T for 48 hours. (Right) Quantification of WFS1 protein levels normalized with α-Tubulin. ( n = 3, * P < 0.05 by unpaired t test compared with Ctrl.) ( D ) Relative mRNA levels of WFS1 in iPSCs treated with or without P+T for 48 hours ( n = 5, ** P < 0.01 by unpaired t test compared with Ctrl). ( E ) Representative immunofluorescence images of neural progenitor cell (NPC) markers in NPCs differentiated from patient-derived iPSCs. Scale bar: 100 μm. ( F ) Quantitative PCR analysis of ER stress–related genes in NPCs treated with or without P+T for 48 hours. ( n = 6, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and **** P < 0.0001 by unpaired t test compared with Ctrl.) ( G ) Mitochondrial respiration of NPCs treated with or without P+T for 48 hours represented as percentage of baseline oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements. Respiration was interrogated by measuring changes in relative OCR multiple times, every 8.5 minutes, after injection with oligomycin (OM), FCCP, and antimycin A (AA)/rotenone (R) ( n = 3, W024: *** P < 0.001, W392: * P < 0.05, and W121: * P < 0.05 by unpaired t test compared with Ctrl AUC). ( H ) Caspase-3/7 activity normalized by cell viability in NPCs treated with or without either of 4-PBA, TUDCA, or P+T for 48 hours. ( n = 7; *** P < 0.001 and **** P < 0.0001 by 1-way ANOVA compared with Ctrl; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, and #### P < 0.0001 by 1-way ANOVA.)

Article Snippet: We obtained 4-PBA and TUDCA from Amylyx Pharmaceuticals Inc. We dissolved 4-PBA and TUDCA in PBS and used them at final concentrations of 500 μM and 50 μM, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Immunofluorescence, Derivative Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Injection, Activity Assay

Journal: JCI Insight

Article Title: Multidimensional analysis and therapeutic development using patient iPSC–derived disease models of Wolfram syndrome

doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.156549

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IP-GTT) with WT or Wfs1 -KO mice at baseline and 1 month after feeding with either control chow or food containing 4-PBA: 0.338% and TUDCA: 0.225% (P+T chow). ( B ) AUCs of the IP-GTT (KO, Ctrl: n = 12; KO, P+T: n = 12; WT: n = 7; ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001 by 1-way ANOVA; ## P < 0.01 and #### P < 0.0001 by 1-way ANOVA compared with WT: Baseline; †††† P < 0.0001 by 1-way ANOVA compared with WT: 1 month).

Article Snippet: We obtained 4-PBA and TUDCA from Amylyx Pharmaceuticals Inc. We dissolved 4-PBA and TUDCA in PBS and used them at final concentrations of 500 μM and 50 μM, respectively.

Techniques: Control